In short
External support in a crisis makes sense when the matter is serious, time is short and the company has neither experience nor a prepared spokesperson. A good agency starts by establishing the facts, not by drafting statements, and does not promise a specific outcome. In the first hours, say what you know, say what you do not yet know, and record every decision.
A crisis PR agency is not needed in every crisis, but in some it is the difference between a calm response and a string of mistakes. We show how to tell when it is worth seeking outside support, what to demand from an agency and what the board should have ready before calling one.
- SignalsMonitoring · Media
- The gate of truthrejects numbers without a source
- AI model councilcompares the ratings
- The man decidesSignature before shipment
- ActionOświadczenie · Rzecznik
What crisis PR is and how it differs from ordinary PR
Zwykły PR buduje zaufanie w spokojnych okresach: opowiada o firmie, pokazuje jej dokonania, dba o relacje z mediami i otoczeniem. Crisis PR zaczyna się w momencie, gdy coś zagraża tej pracy. Nie chodzi już o opowiadanie własnej historii, tylko o odpowiedź na pytania, które zadają inni, często w niesprzyjających okolicznościach i z niepełną wiedzą. Zmienia się tempo, stawki i sposób podejmowania decyzji.
The difference shows in three places. The first is time: in ordinary PR a statement is prepared over days, in a crisis the first public word must come within hours, sometimes minutes. The second is hierarchy: in calm times decisions are made in the communications department, in a crisis the board, the lawyer and the heads of business areas step in. The third is audiences: besides the media, you must talk in parallel to employees, customers, partners and authorities, and sometimes to investors and banks.
Ważne, by nie mylić PR kryzysowego z wizerunkowym gaszeniem pożarów. Dobrze poprowadzona reakcja nie polega na wyszukiwaniu pięknych słów, tylko na uporządkowaniu faktów, decyzji i odpowiedzialności. Komunikacja jest widoczną częścią procesu, którego istotą jest to, co firma robi. Cały kontekst, w którym PR kryzysowy jest jednym z elementów, opisujemy w przewodniku po zarządzaniu kryzysowym w firmie.
Principles of crisis PR: truth, speed, consistency, accountability
A few principles recur in every well-run case, whatever the industry. The first is truth. A statement that can be challenged sooner or later will be, and then the company has two problems instead of one. This does not mean saying everything, but what is said must be consistent with the facts. The second is speed: silence in the first hours is filled with other people’s stories. The third is consistency: everyone in the company says the same thing, and statements match what the company actually does.
Czwarta zasada to jedno źródło informacji. Zapada decyzja, kto mówi publicznie i skąd pochodzą aktualizacje. Zapobiega to sytuacji, w której pracownik komentuje sprawę w sieci, a dyrektor regionu opowiada coś innego dziennikarzowi. Piąta to odpowiedzialność: firma nie zrzuca winy na innych, gdy jest za coś odpowiedzialna, i nie bierze na siebie tego, co do niej nie należy. Szczegółowe reguły omawiamy w tekście o zasadach komunikacji kryzysowej.
- Truth: we say only what is confirmed, and we flag what we do not yet know.
- Speed: the first position quickly, even if short and provisional.
- Consistency: one message in every channel and for every audience.
- One source: a designated spokesperson and an agreed rhythm of updates.
- Accountability: concrete actions instead of general declarations.
The first hours: what the board does when a crisis begins
Najwięcej błędów zapada na samym początku, gdy fakty są niepełne, a presja czasu największa. Pierwszy krok to ustalenie, co wiemy, a czego nie wiemy, i odpowiedź na pytanie, jak poważna jest sprawa. Tu przydaje się skala, którą opisaliśmy w artykule o poziomach kryzysu P1, P2 i P3. Drugi krok to zwołanie zespołu, wyznaczenie osoby prowadzącej i założenie dziennika decyzji, w którym zapisuje się, kto i o której godzinie podjął jaką decyzję.
Trzeci krok to wstrzymanie zaplanowanych publikacji, które mogłyby zabrzmieć nie w porę, oraz zabezpieczenie dowodów: wiadomości, zrzutów ekranu, logów. Czwarty to przygotowanie wstępnego stanowiska i ustalenie, kto je zatwierdza. Szczegółową listę działań pierwszej godziny znajdziesz w artykule o pierwszych 60 minutach kryzysu. Tutaj podkreślamy jedno: nie improwizujemy tego, co da się przygotować wcześniej, więc gotowe wzory i role skracają czas do pierwszej decyzji.
Piąty krok, o którym zapomina się najczęściej, to informacja dla pracowników. Zespół zwykle dowiaduje się o sprawie z mediów, a potem musi odpowiadać na pytania rodziny i klientów. Krótka, rzeczowa wiadomość od zarządu zapobiega plotkom i chroni przed wypowiedziami, które pogorszą sytuację. Przykład takiej roli komunikacji wewnętrznej rozwijamy w artykule o Communication with employees in a crisis.
Crisis communication and the statement: what a good response contains
A good statement in a crisis is short, specific and written with the person affected in mind. It usually contains four elements: what happened (only as much as is confirmed), who is affected and how, what the company is doing about it, and when it will provide further information. It is worth avoiding legalese and corporate formulas that sound like a dodge. Phrases such as “we are making every effort” say nothing unless something concrete follows.
Tone is a separate matter. It should be calm, factual and free of defensiveness at all costs. If someone has been harmed, we say plainly that we care and explain what we are doing to help. If the company is not at fault, we avoid triumphalism and stick to the facts. Every statement is worth checking with a lawyer before publication, bearing in mind that not everything that is legally safe is good communication, and vice versa. The board then has the full picture of the costs and risks of each version.
Praktycznym narzędziem jest tak zwany holding statement, czyli krótkie wstępne oświadczenie, które kupuje czas na zebranie faktów. Nie rozstrzyga sprawy, ale pokazuje, że firma o niej wie i się nią zajmuje. Wzór i strukturę takiego dokumentu przedstawiamy w artykule o oświadczeniu kryzysowym. Jeśli sprawa dotyczy krzywdy odbiorców, warto zajrzeć także do tekstu o przeprosinach firmy.
Media relations and the spokesperson: who speaks for the company
In a crisis the media ask questions the company cannot always answer. Well-run relations with journalists rest on a few simple rules: we respond, even if the answer is that we are still checking; we do not say “no comment”, because it sounds like an admission of guilt; we do not promise deadlines we cannot keep; and we do not speak off the record. Every statement is logged so that it can later be checked who said what.
Rzecznik to osoba, której nazwisko widnieje przy komunikacie. W wielu firmach rzecznikiem jest prezes lub członek zarządu, w innych dyrektor komunikacji lub rzecznik prasowy. Decyzję trzeba podjąć przed kryzysem, bo w trakcie nie ma czasu na spory. Rzecznik musi znać fakty, umieć mówić spokojnie i wiedzieć, czego nie wolno mówić. Jego przygotowanie opisujemy w artykule o rzeczniku prasowym w kryzysie, a zasady kontaktu z redakcjami w tekście o relacjach z mediami w kryzysie.
Warto też pamiętać, że media to nie jedyni odbiorcy. Klienci, partnerzy i pracownicy często dowiadują się o sprawie z mediów społecznościowych lub od znajomych, więc komunikacja powinna wykraczać poza komunikat prasowy. Sposób, w jaki firma odpowiada na krytykę w sieci, opisujemy w tekście o kryzysie w social mediach.
| Recipient | What he needs | Channel | Who is responsible |
|---|---|---|---|
| Employees | Facts from the board before they hear them from outside | Internal message, team meeting | Board and HR |
| Customers | Information on what this means for them and what to do | Direct contact, website, customer service | Head of customer service and communications |
| Media | Reliable answers and a single source | Statement, spokesperson, answers to questions | Press spokesperson |
| Partners, investors, banks | Risk assessment and action plan | Direct conversation, letter from the board | Board and finance |
Crisis PR agency: when outside support is needed
Many companies have capable communications people and still turn to outside support. The reasons vary. In a crisis the internal team is both a party to the matter and the executor, so it is hard for it to keep its distance. An external adviser looks at the situation from the side, knows similar cases and can ask questions nobody inside will ask. Moreover, a major crisis needs more hands than an ordinary communications department has, and at a pace that cannot be built in weeks.
What should you look for in an agency? Above all, a way of working that does not end with statements. A good agency starts with a diagnosis, checks the facts, helps you make decisions and only then prepares the communication. It should be able to work with lawyers, the board and the operations team, present options along with their risks and not promise outcomes it does not control. Beware of offers that guarantee an effect, such as “we will remove negative content” or “we will turn opinion around in a week”. A reliable adviser tells you what can be done and what cannot.
Dobrze jest wybrać wsparcie zanim będzie potrzebne. Ustalone zasady współpracy, dostępy, znajomość firmy i przećwiczone scenariusze skracają czas reakcji w prawdziwej sprawie. W Commplace® proponujemy taki model: przygotowanie, monitoring, dyżur w razie zdarzenia i kontrola po jego zakończeniu. Zakres i sposób pracy opisujemy na stronie o zarządzaniu kryzysowym w Commplace®.
The most common crisis PR mistakes and what they cost
The first mistake is denying facts that are easy to check. A company that claims something did not happen, only for proof to appear a few hours later, loses credibility across the whole matter. The second is staying silent in the hope that the matter will die down. Sometimes it does, but more often the company’s silence means others take over the narrative. The third is contradictory messages from different sources, resulting from the lack of a designated spokesperson and a single decision log.
The fourth mistake is attacking critics. Even when the criticism is unfair, a sharp reaction from the company usually gives it publicity and amplifies its message. The fifth is announcing success before the matter is closed, which after a while ends in a second wave of negative reactions. The sixth is involving the lawyer too late or, conversely, handing them all the communication, which makes statements incomprehensible to ordinary audiences.
Ostatni błąd to brak nauki po kryzysie. Sprawa się kończy, zespół wraca do pracy, a wnioski nikt nie zapisuje. Za rok firma popełnia te same błędy. Koszt bezczynności jest więc podwójny: płacimy za kryzys, a potem płacimy za brak zmian. Regularny przegląd i ćwiczenia opisane w tekście o symulacji kryzysu dla zarządu to najprostszy sposób, by tego uniknąć.
What crisis PR looks like with a Nawigator: diagnosis, plan, implementation, review
At Commplace® we work on a medical model: diagnosis, tests, plan, implementation, review. In a crisis we first check the facts and the scale of the matter, then prepare response options along with their risks, and the board chooses the route. Next we implement the communication and keep to the rhythm of updates, and once the situation is under control we run a review: what worked, what did not and what is worth changing in procedures. Nothing is published without the signature of a person with a mandate from the company.
Nie obiecujemy, że kryzys zniknie. Obiecujemy porządek: jasne role, szybkie decyzje, spójny przekaz i zapis, który pozwala po fakcie wyjaśnić, dlaczego zrobiono to, co zrobiono. Jeśli chcesz sprawdzić, jak wyglądałaby taka współpraca w Twojej firmie, arrange an interview.
Możemy też zacząć od spokojnej pracy nad communication strategy, która przygotowuje firmę na trudniejsze chwile. Jak wyglądają nasze prace, zobaczysz w projektach Commplace®.
Tool radar: one image of the situation instead of ten windows
In a crisis, information is scattered across inboxes, messengers, documents and dashboards. The radar shows 28 tools from which Commwork AI gathers signals in one place. The radar pointer circles through them, just as a crisis team circles through its sources. The decision is always made by a human.
Examples of how these tools help in a crisis (examples for illustration):
- Customer opinions and questions — the Google profile (GBP) shows what people are writing about the company during the crisis.
- Visibility in the search engine — Search Console (GSC) and Ahrefs show how the crisis is changing what people find about a brand.
- The work of the staff — Gmail, Slack and Meet for quick information exchange, Tasks and Docs for a to-do list and a decision log.
- Notes from meetings — Fireflies memorize the arrangements, so no one reproduces them from memory.
Practice: first steps, tables and schedule
This module shows how, in practice, to decide on outside support in crisis PR without losing control. You get the order of steps, responsibility tables and ready-made questions for the agency.
First steps: what to do in order
| When | Action | Who | How you will know it is done |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0–30 min | Write down the facts: what happened, when, who is affected, what we know for certain | Head of communications | One page of facts, no speculation, with the time of writing |
| 30–60 min | Assess the severity of the matter on the P1, P2, P3 scale and record the reasoning | Board member responsible for the crisis | A recorded severity level signed by one person |
| 1–2 hrs | Check whether the company has a spokesperson, experience and time for this matter | CEO or managing director | A list of gaps: people, time, skills |
| 2–4 hours. | Send a short enquiry to two or three agencies with a description of the matter | Head of communications | Every agency has confirmed it can start immediately |
| 4–8 hrs | Sign a non-disclosure agreement with the lawyer and agree the scope of the first piece of work | Legal department | Signed confidentiality and a scope for the first days |
| 8–24 hrs | Decide who approves each statement and within how many hours | President | A list of approvers with cover for nights and weekends |
| 24–72 hrs | Hold the first review: what worked, what to change, whether you are staying with the agency | Board with the agency | A decision on continued cooperation recorded in one sentence |
Who decides, who executes, by when
| The decision | Who decides | Who performs | Deadline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whether the matter requires outside support | President | Head of communications prepares a description of the matter | Within 2 hours of the first signal |
| Choice of agency | CEO together with the communications director | Head of communications collects the agencies’ responses | Within 8 hours |
| Scope and budget of the first stage | Board member for finance | Procurement and legal departments | Within 24 hours |
| Approval of statements | CEO or a person they designate | The agency writes, the lawyer checks | Every text before publication, within an agreed number of hours |
| Contact with journalists | Press spokesperson | Spokesperson and agency prepare the answers | Response within the time agreed with the newsroom |
| Ending or changing the cooperation | Management Board | Head of communications with the agency | Review after 72 hours and after 30 days |
30-day schedule
The Gantt chart shows which stage starts when and how long it lasts. The days are given as an example: adjust them to the size of the company.
The path from signal to the decision on an agency
Questions for the agency: a good answer and a warning sign
| Question | Good answer | Warning sign |
|---|---|---|
| How will you start work in the first 24 hours? | Diagnosis of the facts, severity assessment, a 24-hour plan | Writing a statement straight away without asking about the facts |
| Who exactly will be working with us? | Names of roles, availability at night and at weekends | General assurances and a changing team |
| Who approves the company’s statements? | A person on our side, always before publication | The agency publishes on its own to be faster |
| How do you measure the effect? | A baseline, before-and-after comparison, clear indicators | Advertising value equivalent in zloty or a count of press clippings |
| What happens if the situation changes? | Plan B, escalation rules, readiness to change course | A single scenario and certainty that everything will work out |
Checklist before calling an agency
- Write down the facts in a single document and mark what is confirmed.
- Assign the matter a severity level and record who decided it.
- Name one board member responsible for the crisis.
- Gather the contact details of the spokesperson, lawyer and head of communications, including private numbers.
- Prepare a non-disclosure agreement for quick signing.
- Decide up to what amount the first stage can be commissioned without delay.
- Decide who approves statements outside working hours.
- Ask the agency for a description of the first 24 hours, not a generic offer.
- Record what the agency may not do without the company’s consent.
- Set a date to review the cooperation after three days.
The most common mistakes and what to do instead
| Error | The result | Instead |
|---|---|---|
| You call the agency only after the second media article | The company loses the first hours, when the narrative can still be shaped | Set a threshold in advance: at level P2, talk to an agency straight away |
| You hand the agency all communication without approval | Sentences are put out that the board does not know and cannot defend | Keep approval within the company; the agency prepares the drafts |
| You choose an agency only on price and speed of reply | You get a template that does not fit the matter or the industry | Compare the 24-hour plan and the questions about the facts |
| You hide uncomfortable facts from the agency | The agency builds a message that collapses once the truth comes out | Sign the confidentiality agreement and tell the whole story, including what hurts |
| You judge the agency by the number of publications | Quantity displaces quality, and the matter may even get worse | Measure the change in tone, topics and customer behaviour against the baseline |
Ready-made sentences to use (to be adapted by a lawyer)
Prowadzimy sprawę o poziomie P2 i potrzebujemy w ciągu godziny planu pierwszych 24 godzin. Fakty przekażemy po podpisaniu poufności.
Oczekujemy diagnozy, projektów komunikatów i przygotowania rzecznika. Decyzje o publikacji zostają po naszej stronie.
Do czasu ustalenia faktów korzystamy ze wsparcia zewnętrznego. Wszystkie wypowiedzi wychodzą wyłącznie po zatwierdzeniu przez prezesa.
Sprawdzamy okoliczności zdarzenia. Wrócimy z informacją o godzinie, którą podamy, i nie będziemy spekulować.
Agencja nie publikuje w naszym imieniu i nie kontaktuje się z organami bez pisemnej zgody firmy.
Po 72 godzinach oceniamy: co zadziałało, co zmieniamy, czy kontynuujemy współpracę i na jakich zasadach.
Glossary of terms
Additional questions
How long does an agency need to start work on crisis PR?
A good agency can start the conversation within a few hours. Full work requires the facts and signed confidentiality. Ask outright who will be available at night and at weekends.
Can a crisis PR agency take over contact with journalists?
It can prepare answers and support the spokesperson. Public statements on behalf of the company should, however, be approved by a board member or the spokesperson.
How do you vet an agency before signing a contract in a crisis?
Ask for a description of the first 24 hours for your matter and for examples of work without client names if they are covered by confidentiality. Pay attention to whether it asks questions about the facts.
Is it worth consulting an agency even on a small matter?
At level P3 your own team is usually enough. An hour of consultation can nevertheless help assess whether the matter is growing. Decide after the diagnosis.
Read more in this topic
- Zanim wezwiesz agencję, nadaj sprawie jeden z trzech poziomy poważności kryzysu.
- Co zrobić, zanim agencja zacznie pracę, opisujemy w tekście o tym, jak wyglądają pierwsze 60 minut kryzysu.
- Agencja wspiera, ale głos firmy zostaje przy rzeczniku, więc sprawdź, jaka jest rola rzecznika prasowego.
- Agencja dołącza do ludzi z firmy, dlatego zadbaj o skład zespołu kryzysowego.
- Projekty tekstów przygotowuje agencja, a firma ocenia je według zasady oświadczenia kryzysowego.
- Efekt współpracy z agencją oceniasz wskaźnikami, więc zobacz, how to measure a brand's reputation.
Sentence patterns and legal guidelines are informational material, not legal advice: check with a lawyer. Match the deadlines and roles to your company.
Network of experts: who works with whom when you need to decide quickly
Crisis management is the work of many roles at once: observation, risk analysis, preparing a communication, leadership. This network shows how such roles are connected by a single system so that the team does not waste time passing on information.
The network of virtual experts works together: one system, many roles
- How to read the screen: Each point represents one role in the system, and the lines show which roles are exchanged in the conclusions.
- Observation: The roles named OSINT-CRISIS and OSINT-SOCIAL concern the tracking of media and networks (OSINT is the observation of open sources).
- Approval: The roles prepare the proposals. A statement, a post on social media, or an apology are approved by the person.
How Commwork AI runs crisis PR from signal to decision
Commwork AI to system, który prowadzi sprawę od polecenia do decyzji. Działa w trzech orbitach: Dane, Analiza, Działanie. W orbicie danych monitoring w ośmiu warstwach zbiera sygnały z mediów, internetu, mediów społecznościowych, opinii, wyszukiwarek, odpowiedzi modeli AI, źródeł wewnętrznych i otoczenia konkurencyjnego. W orbicie analizy bramka poważności P1, P2, P3 ocenia sprawę, a rada pięciu modeli AI ocenia ją niezależnie. W orbicie działania powstają opcje reakcji, projekty komunikatów i zadania z właścicielami.
For the board it looks like a cockpit: signal, assessment, options, owner, deadline, status. A sixth model synthesises the council’s conclusions, and differences of opinion are shown, not hidden. A human in the loop approves every decision: nothing is sent or published without a signature. Proof instead of promises: every step leaves a trace in a log the board can return to once the matter is closed.
- Signal monitoring in eight layers with early warning.
- P1, P2, P3 severity gate with the reasoning behind the assessment.
- A council of five AI models and a sixth synthesising model, with differences of opinion shown.
- Draft statements for human approval, never published automatically.
- Board cockpit and decision log for the post-crisis review.
Crisis PR agency: when external support pays off and what to demand from it
Scope: PR i komunikacjaSeriousness: P2Updated: today 08:00Layers of monitoring: 8 out of 8On call: Management + NavigatorDecision indicators today · goal · change · 12 of 30 followed
Action axis 30-day plan · owner · status
Risk map interesariusz × obszar · 8 pól wysokich
Preparedness today and the goal
Forecast of tension Monte Carlo simulation (random, thousands of runs) · P50 below target in about 6 days
A lot of mentions 14 days · daily participation
Map of stakeholders influence × interest
Radar of readiness 6 areas
Sources of signals 7 days
Channels the share of mentions · tone
Signals in time 14 days
Decisions to be made they assess: the AI model council and a human being
| # | Signal | Evaluation | Options | Owner | Deadline | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A video of the incident is circulating online | P1 | Statement, apology, corrective actions | Management Board | in 3 days | Ready |
| 2 | Inconsistent statements from two company representatives | P2 | One version of the message, a briefing, a correction | Management Board | today 18:30 | Ready |
| 3 | The draft statement awaits approval from the lawyers | P2 | A short version now, the full version after approval | Marketing | today 16:00 | Ready |
| 4 | Investors ask for clarification | P3 | A note to the market, one-to-one conversations | Marketing | today 18:30 | For evaluation |
| 5 | Employees learn about the matter from the media | P3 | A message from the board before publication | HR | Tomorrow at 12:00 | Awaiting signature |
The Council of Five Models conformity of the assessment
Who is responsible for what matrix of responsibility
Journal of events today, from the oldest
- Inconsistent statements from two company representatives
- Signature of a person: message ready for dispatch
- The spokesperson is unprepared for difficult questions
- The lawyer marked the sentence for correction
- Investors ask for clarification
- The barrier of truth rejected the number without a source
- Employees learn about the matter from the media
Response time actually / purpose
Cost of the options index, uncertainty range P50–P80
Minimum
Recommended
Extended
The Readiness Calendar 12 months · exercises and reviews
The screen, graph and values are examples. The decision about further steps is always made by the person.
Be ready before the journalist calls
In the conversation we will assess your company’s readiness to respond: roles, statements, monitoring and decisions. You will receive an initial diagnosis and a plan for the first steps, with no obligation.
- Preliminary diagnosis of the situation
- Recommendation of the scope with justification
- Clear plan of stages, owners and deadlines
Key takeaways
Zewnętrzne wsparcie w kryzysie ma sens, gdy sprawa jest poważna, czas nagli, a firma nie ma doświadczenia ani przygotowanego rzecznika. Dobra agencja zaczyna od ustalenia faktów, a nie od pisania komunikatów, i nie obiecuje konkretnego efektu. W pierwszych godzinach mów to, co wiesz, zaznacz, czego jeszcze nie wiesz, i zapisuj każdą decyzję. Jak wygląda taka współpraca w praktyce, opisujemy na stronie obsługa kryzysowa Commplace. Stan wiedzy: 3 listopada 2026.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
How does crisis PR differ from crisis communication?
In practice the terms overlap. Crisis PR is broader, covering reputation and relationship management in a crisis, including board decisions and corrective actions. Crisis communication is part of that work: the specific statements and channels through which the company speaks to its audiences. A well-run response combines both into one coherent process.
When should a company turn to a crisis PR agency?
Ideally before a crisis, so that rules and access can be agreed and scenarios rehearsed. If the matter is already under way, get in touch as soon as possible, especially if it concerns safety, the law, a large number of customers or the interest of national media. Bringing in an adviser early usually shortens the time to the first good decision.
Does a company always have to issue a statement in a crisis?
Not always a public one, but in any more serious matter a position must be prepared. Sometimes answering a journalist’s questions or sending a message to customers is enough. The decision is made by the board after assessing the severity of the matter and consulting a lawyer. Silence is also a decision and should be deliberate, justified and recorded.
Can artificial intelligence prepare a crisis statement?
It can prepare a draft and help assess different versions, but it should not publish on its own. In a crisis, what counts is facts, context and the responsibility borne by a human. Commwork AI follows the human-in-the-loop principle: drafts go for approval, and nothing is sent or published without the signature of a person with a mandate.
What does inaction cost in a crisis?
No single figure can be given, because it depends on the matter. It is clear, however, where the losses occur: in the time to the first decision, in credibility when messages contradict one another, and in the trust of customers and employees who hear nothing from the company. The cost grows with every hour of silence and with every avoidable mistake that preparation would have prevented.
It is worth reading further
Source: compilation by Commplace®. Examples and animations are illustrative; they do not constitute legal advice or guarantees of results. The increase in the indicator after the action itself does not prove that the action caused it.
